\subsection{Grasp Task}
\label{grasp}

\paragraph{Completion Time}

On the time to complete a trial, there was one statistically significant effect
of \factor{Target} (\anova{7}{3385}{34.3}, \pinf{0.001})
but not of \factor{Hand} (\anova{5}{3385}{1.7}, \p{0.1}).
Targets on the back and the left (\level{B}, \level{LB}, and \level{L}) were slower than targets on the front (\level{LF}, \level{F}, and \level{RF}, \p{0.003}) {except for} \level{RB} (back-right) which was also fast.

\paragraph{Contacts}

On the number of contacts, there were two statistically significant effects:
\factor{Hand} (\anova{5}{3385}{4.9}, \pinf{0.001}, see \figref{results/Grasp-ContactsCount})
and \factor{Target} (\anova{7}{3385}{20.0}, \pinf{0.001}).

Fewer contacts were made with \level{Tips} than with \level{None} (\percent{-13}, \p{0.02}) and \level{Occlusion} (\percent{-15}, \p{0.004});
and less with \level{Mesh} than with \level{None} (\percent{-15}, \p{0.006}) and \level{Occlusion} (\percent{-17}, \p{0.001}).
This result suggests that having no visible visual hand increased the number of failed grasps or cube drops.
But, surprisingly, only \level{Tips} and \level{Mesh} were statistically significantly better, not \level{Contour} nor \level{Skeleton}.

Targets on the back and left were more difficult (\level{B}, \level{LB}, and \level{L}) than targets on the front (\level{LF}, \level{F}, and \level{RF}, \pinf{0.001}).

\paragraph{Time per Contact}

On the mean time spent on each contact, there were two statistically significant effects:
\factor{Hand} (\anova{5}{3385}{9.1}, \pinf{0.001}, see \figref{results/Grasp-MeanContactTime})
and \factor{Target} (\anova{7}{3385}{5.4}, \pinf{0.001}).

It was shorter with \level{None} than with \level{Tips} (\percent{-15}, \pinf{0.001}), \level{Skeleton} (\percent{-11}, \p{0.001}) and \level{Mesh} (\percent{-11}, \p{0.001});
shorter with \level{Occlusion} than with \level{Tips} (\percent{-10}, \pinf{0.001}), \level{Skeleton} (\percent{-8}, \p{0.05}), and \level{Mesh} (\percent{-8}, \p{0.04});
shorter with \level{Contour} than with \level{Tips} (\percent{-8}, \pinf{0.001}).
As for the \level{Push} task, the lack of visual hand increased the number of failed grasps or cube drops.
The \level{Tips} rendering seemed to provide one of the best feedback for the grasping, maybe thanks to the fact that it provides information about both position and rotation of the tracked fingertips.

This time was the shortest on the front \level{F} than on the other target volumes (\pinf{0.001}).

\paragraph{Grip Aperture}

On the average distance between the thumb's fingertip and the other fingertips during grasping, there were two
statistically significant effects:
\factor{Hand} (\anova{5}{19}{6.7}, \pinf{0.001}, see \figref{results/Grasp-GripAperture})
and \factor{Target} (\anova{7}{3270}{4.1}, \pinf{0.001}).
\footnote{Note that the best converging \LMM (with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion value) had a by-participant random intercept (like all the other models in this study) and a by-participant random slope for the \factor{Hand} factor. The results reported are from this model, which explains the different degrees of freedom from the other models.}

It was shorter with \level{None} than with \level{Occlusion} (\pinf{0.001}), \level{Contour} (\pinf{0.001}), \level{Skeleton} (\pinf{0.001}) and \level{Mesh} (\pinf{0.001}).
%shorter with \level{Tips} than with \level{Occlusion} (\p{0.008}), \level{Contour} (\p{0.006}) and \level{Mesh} (\pinf{0.001});
%and shorter with \level{Skeleton} than with \level{Mesh} (\pinf{0.001}).
This result is an evidence of the lack of confidence of participants with no visual hand rendering: they grasped the cube more to secure it.
%The \level{Mesh} rendering seemed to have provided the most confidence to participants, maybe because it was the closest to the real hand.

The \response{Grip Aperture} was longer on the right-front (\level{RF}) target volume, indicating a higher confidence, than on back and side targets (\level{R}, \level{RB}, \level{B}, \level{L}, \p{0.03}).

\begin{subfigs}{grasp_results}{Results of the grasp task performance metrics for each visual hand rendering.}[
    Geometric means with bootstrap \percent{95} \CI
    and Tukey's \HSD pairwise comparisons: *** is \pinf{0.001}, ** is \pinf{0.01}, and * is \pinf{0.05}.
  ][
  \item Number of contacts with the cube.
  \item Time spent on each contact.
  \item Distance between thumb and the other fingertips when grasping.
  ]
  \subfig[0.32]{results/Grasp-ContactsCount}
  \subfig[0.32]{results/Grasp-MeanContactTime}
  \subfig[0.32]{results/Grasp-GripAperture}
\end{subfigs}
