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Erwan Normand
2024-12-26 19:38:46 +01:00
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4-manipulation/visual-hand/1-introduction.tex
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@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Touching, grasping and manipulating virtual objects are fundamental interactions
Manipulation of virtual objects is achieved using a virtual hand interaction technique that represents the user's hand in the \VE and simulates interaction with virtual objects (\secref[related_work]{ar_virtual_hands}).
The visual feedback of the virtual hand is a key element for interacting and manipulating virtual objects in \VR \cite{prachyabrued2014visual,grubert2018effects}.
Some work has also investigated the visual feedback of the virtual hand in \AR, but not in an immersive context of virtual object manipulation \cite{blaga2017usability,yoon2020evaluating} or was limited to a single visual hand augmentation \cite{piumsomboon2014graspshell,maisto2017evaluation}.
\OST-\AR also has significant perceptual differences from \VR due the lack of mutual occlusion between the hand and the virtual object in \OST-\AR (\secref[related_work]{ar_displays}), and the inherent delays between the user's hand and the result of the interaction simulation (\secref[related_work]{ar_virtual_hands}).
\Gls{OST}-\AR also has significant perceptual differences from \VR due the lack of mutual occlusion between the hand and the virtual object in \OST-\AR (\secref[related_work]{ar_displays}), and the inherent delays between the user's hand and the result of the interaction simulation (\secref[related_work]{ar_virtual_hands}).
In this chapter, we investigate the \textbf{visual rendering of the virtual hand as augmentation of the real hand} for direct hand manipulation of virtual objects in \OST-\AR.
To this end, we selected in the literature and compared the most popular visual hand augmentation used to interact with virtual objects in \AR.

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4-manipulation/visual-hand/4-discussion.tex
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We evaluated six visual hand augmentations, as described in \secref{hands}, displayed on top of the real hand, in two virtual object manipulation tasks in \AR.
During the \level{Push} task, the \level{Skeleton} hand rendering was the fastest (\figref{results/Push-CompletionTime}), as participants employed fewer and longer contacts to adjust the cube inside the target volume (\figref{results/Push-ContactsCount} and \figref{results/Push-MeanContactTime}).
Participants consistently used few and continuous contacts for all visual hand augmentations (Fig. 3b), with only less than ten trials, carried out by two participants, quickly completed with multiple discrete touches.
%Participants consistently used few and continuous contacts for all visual hand augmentations (\figref{results/Push-ContactsCount}), with only less than ten trials, carried out by two participants, quickly completed with multiple discrete touches.
However, during the \level{Grasp} task, despite no difference in \response{Completion Time}, providing no visible hand rendering (\level{None} and \level{Occlusion} renderings) led to more failed grasps or cube drops (\figref{results/Grasp-ContactsCount} and \figref{results/Grasp-MeanContactTime}).
Indeed, participants found the \level{None} and \level{Occlusion} renderings less effective (\figref{results/Ranks-Grasp}) and less precise (\figref{results_questions}).
To understand whether the participants' previous experience might have played a role, we also carried out an additional statistical analysis considering \VR experience as an additional between-subjects factor, \ie \VR novices vs. \VR experts (\enquote{I use it every week}, see \secref{participants}).