Replace "immersive AR" with "AR headset"

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2025-04-11 22:51:10 +02:00
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22 changed files with 94 additions and 101 deletions

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\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}
In the previous chapter, we presented a system for augmenting the visuo-haptic texture perception of real surfaces directly touched with the finger, using wearable vibrotactile haptics and an immersive \AR headset.
In the previous chapter, we presented a system for augmenting the visuo-haptic texture perception of real surfaces directly touched with the finger, using wearable vibrotactile haptics and an \OST-\AR headset.
In this chapter and the next one, we evaluate the user's perception of such wearable haptic texture augmentation under different visual rendering conditions.
Most of the haptic augmentations of real surfaces using with wearable haptic devices, including roughness of textures (\secref[related_work]{texture_rendering}), have been studied without a visual feedback, and none have considered the influence of the visual rendering on their perception or integrated them in \AR and \VR (\secref[related_work]{texture_rendering}).

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The perceived delay was the most important in \AR, where the virtual hand visually lags significantly behind the real one, but less so in \VR, where only the proprioceptive sense can help detect the lag.
This delay was not perceived when touching the virtual haptic textures without visual augmentation, because only the finger velocity was used to render them, and, despite the varied finger movements and velocities while exploring the textures, the participants did not perceive any latency in the vibrotactile rendering (\secref{results_questions}).
\textcite{diluca2011effects} demonstrated similarly, in a \VST-\AR setup, how visual latency relative to proprioception increased the perception of stiffness of a virtual piston, while haptic latency decreased it (\secref[related_work]{ar_vr_haptic}).
Another complementary explanation could be a pseudo-haptic effect (\secref[related_work]{visual_haptic_influence}) of the displacement of the virtual hand, as already observed with this vibrotactile texture rendering, but seen on a screen in a non-immersive context \cite{ujitoko2019modulating}.
Another complementary explanation could be a pseudo-haptic effect (\secref[related_work]{visual_haptic_influence}) of the displacement of the virtual hand, as already observed with this vibrotactile texture rendering, but seen on a screen \cite{ujitoko2019modulating}.
Such hypotheses could be tested by manipulating the latency and pose estimation accuracy of the virtual hand or the vibrotactile feedback. % to observe their effects on the roughness perception of the virtual textures.

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In this chapter, we studied how the perception of wearable haptic augmented textures is affected by the visual feedback of the virtual hand and the environment, being either real, augmented or virtual.
Using the wearable visuo-haptic augmentation system presented in \chapref{vhar_system}, we augmented the perceived roughness of real surfaces with virtual vibrotactile textures rendered on the finger.
%we rendered virtual vibrotactile patterned textures on the voice-coil worn on the middle-phalanx of the finger to augment the roughness perception of the real surface being touched.
With an immersive \AR headset, that could be switched to a \VR only view, we considered three visual rendering conditions: (1) without visual augmentation, (2) with a realistic virtual hand rendering in \AR, and (3) with the same virtual hand in \VR.
With an \OST-\AR headset, that could be switched to a \VR only view, we considered three visual rendering conditions: (1) without visual augmentation, (2) with a realistic virtual hand rendering in \AR, and (3) with the same virtual hand in \VR.
We then evaluated the perceived roughness augmentation in these three visual conditions with a psychophysical user study involving 20 participants and extensive questionnaires.
Our results showed that the visual virtuality of the hand (real or virtual) and the environment (\AR or \VR) had a significant effect on the perception of haptic textures and the exploration behaviour of the participants.