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@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ A \PSE difference in the same range was found for perceived stiffness, with the
%However, the difference between the \level{Virtual} and \level{Mixed} conditions was not significant.
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Surprisingly, the \PSE of the \level{Real} rendering was shifted to the right (to be "rougher", \percent{7.9}) compared to the reference texture, whereas the \PSEs of the \level{Virtual} (\percent{5.1}) and \level{Mixed} (\percent{1.9}) renderings were perceived as \enquote{smoother} and closer to the reference texture (\figref{results/trial_predictions}).
The sensitivity of participants to roughness differences also varied, with the \level{Real} rendering having the best \JND (\percent{26}), followed by the \level{Virtual} (\percent{30}) and \level{Virtual} (\percent{33}) renderings (\figref{results/trial_jnds}).
The sensitivity of participants to roughness differences also varied, with the \level{Real} rendering having the best \JND (\percent{26}), followed by the \level{Virtual} (\percent{30}) and \level{Mixed} (\percent{33}) renderings (\figref{results/trial_jnds}).
These \JND values are in line with and at the upper end of the range of previous studies \cite{choi2013vibrotactile}, which may be due to the location of the actuator on the top of the finger middle phalanx, being less sensitive to vibration than the fingertip.
Thus, compared to no visual rendering (\level{Real}), the addition of a visual rendering of the hand or environment reduced the roughness sensitivity (\JND) and the roughness perception (\PSE), as if the virtual vibrotactile textures felt \enquote{smoother}.