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3-manipulation/visual-hand/2-method.tex

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 This first experiment aims to analyze whether the chosen visual hand rendering affects the performance and user experience of manipulating virtual objects with bare hands in AR.
 
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 \subsection{Visual Hand Renderings}
 \label{hands}
 
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 However, while the real hand can of course penetrate virtual objects, the visual hand is always constrained by the virtual environment.
 
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 \subsubsection{None~(\figref{method/hands-none})}
 \label{hands_none}
 
@@ -27,7 +25,6 @@ Users have no information about hand tracking and no feedback about contact with
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 As virtual content is rendered on top of the real environment, the hand of the user can be hidden by the virtual objects when manipulating them (\secref{hands}).
 
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 \subsubsection{Occlusion (Occl,~\figref{method/hands-occlusion})}
 \label{hands_occlusion}
 
@@ -35,7 +32,6 @@ To avoid the abovementioned undesired occlusions due to the virtual content bein
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 This approach is frequent in works using VST-AR headsets \cite{knorlein2009influence, ha2014wearhand, piumsomboon2014graspshell, suzuki2014grasping, al-kalbani2016analysis}.
 
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 \subsubsection{Tips (\figref{method/hands-tips})}
 \label{hands_tips}
 
@@ -43,7 +39,6 @@ This rendering shows small visual rings around the fingertips of the user, highl
 %
 Unlike work using small spheres \cite{maisto2017evaluation, meli2014wearable, grubert2018effects, normand2018enlarging, schwind2018touch}, this ring rendering also provides information about the orientation of the fingertips.
 
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 \subsubsection{Contour (Cont,~\figref{method/hands-contour})}
 \label{hands_contour}
 
@@ -53,7 +48,6 @@ Unlike the other renderings, it is not occluded by the virtual objects, as shown
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 This rendering is not as usual as the previous others in the literature \cite{kang2020comparative}.
 
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 \subsubsection{Skeleton (Skel,~\figref{method/hands-skeleton})}
 \label{hands_skeleton}
 
@@ -63,7 +57,6 @@ It can be seen as an extension of the Tips rendering to include the complete fin
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 It is widely used in VR \cite{argelaguet2016role, schwind2018touch, chessa2019grasping} and AR \cite{blaga2017usability, yoon2020evaluating}, as it is considered simple yet rich and comprehensive.
 
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 \subsubsection{Mesh (\figref{method/hands-mesh})}
 \label{hands_mesh}
 
@@ -71,7 +64,6 @@ This rendering is a 3D semi-transparent ($a=0.2$) hand model, which is common in
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 It can be seen as a filled version of the Contour hand rendering, thus partially covering the view of the real hand.
 
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 \subsection{Manipulation Tasks and Virtual Scene}
 \label{tasks}
 
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 Following the guidelines of \textcite{bergstrom2021how} for designing object manipulation tasks, we considered two variations of a 3D pick-and-place task, commonly found in interaction and manipulation studies \cite{prachyabrued2014visual, maisto2017evaluation, meli2018combining, blaga2017usability, vanveldhuizen2021effect}.
 
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 \subsubsection{Push Task}
 \label{push-task}
 
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 The task is considered completed when the cube is \emph{fully} inside the target volume.
 
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 \subsubsection{Grasp Task}
 \label{grasp-task}
 
@@ -118,15 +108,14 @@ Users are asked to grasp, lift, and move the cube towards the target volume usin
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 As before, the task is considered completed when the cube is \emph{fully} inside the volume.
 
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 \subsection{Experimental Design}
 \label{design}
 
 We analyzed the two tasks separately. For each of them, we considered two independent, within-subject, variables:
 %
 \begin{itemize}
-    \item \emph{Visual Hand Renderings}, consisting of the six possible renderings discussed in \secref{hands}: None, Occlusion (Occl), Tips, Contour (Cont), Skeleton (Skel), and Mesh.
-    \item \emph{Target}, consisting of the eight possible {location} of the target volume, named as the cardinal points and as shown in \figref{tasks}: {E, NE, N, NW, W, SW, S, and SE}.
+  \item \emph{Visual Hand Renderings}, consisting of the six possible renderings discussed in \secref{hands}: None, Occlusion (Occl), Tips, Contour (Cont), Skeleton (Skel), and Mesh.
+  \item \emph{Target}, consisting of the eight possible {location} of the target volume, named as the cardinal points and as shown in \figref{tasks}: {E, NE, N, NW, W, SW, S, and SE}.
 
 \end{itemize}
 %
@@ -136,7 +125,6 @@ To control learning effects, we counter-balanced the orders of the two manipulat
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 This design led to a total of 2 manipulation tasks \x 6 visual hand renderings \x 8 targets \x 3 repetitions $=$ 288 trials per participant.
 
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 \subsection{Apparatus and Implementation}
 \label{apparatus}
 
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 This setup enabled a good and consistent tracking of the user's fingers.
 
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 \subsection{Protocol}
 \label{protocol}
 
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 The experiment took around 1 hour and 20 minutes to complete.
 
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 \subsection{Participants}
 \label{participants}
 
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 Participants signed an informed consent, including the declaration of having no conflict of interest.
 
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 \subsection{Collected Data}
 \label{metrics}