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\bigskip \bigskip
In \partref{manipulation}, we describe our contributions to the second axis of research, improving direct hand manipulation of \VOs with visuo-haptic augmentations of the hand. In \partref{manipulation}, we describe our contributions to the second axis of research, improving direct hand manipulation of \VOs with visuo-haptic augmentations of the hand.
We evaluate how the visual and haptic augmentation of the hand can such manipulations. We evaluate how the visual and haptic augmentation, and their combination, of the hand as feedback of direct manipulation with \VOs can improve such manipulations.
In \chapref{visual_hand}, we explore in a user study the effect of six visual hand augmentations that provide contact feedback with the \VO, as a set of the most popular hand renderings in the \AR literature. In \chapref{visual_hand}, we explore in a user study the effect of six visual hand augmentations that provide contact feedback with the \VO, as a set of the most popular hand renderings in the \AR literature.
Using the \OST-\AR headset Microsoft HoloLens~2, the user performance and experience are evaluated in two representative manipulation tasks, \ie push-and-slide and grasp-and-place of a \VO directly with the hand. Using the \OST-\AR headset Microsoft HoloLens~2, the user performance and experience are evaluated in two representative manipulation tasks, \ie push-and-slide and grasp-and-place of a \VO directly with the hand.

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\begin{subfigs}{setup}{User Study. }[][ \begin{subfigs}{setup}{User Study. }[][
\item The nine visuo-haptic textures used in the user study, selected from the HaTT database \cite{culbertson2014one}. \item The nine visuo-haptic textures used in the user study, selected from the HaTT database \cite{culbertson2014one}.
The texture names were never shown, so as to prevent the use of the user's visual or haptic memory of the textures. The texture names were never shown, to prevent the use of the user's visual or haptic memory of the textures.
\item Experimental setup. \item Experimental setup.
Participant sat in front of the tangible surfaces, which were augmented with visual textures displayed by the HoloLens~2 \AR headset and haptic roughness textures rendered by the vibrotactile haptic device placed on the middle index phalanx. Participant sat in front of the tangible surfaces, which were augmented with visual textures displayed by the HoloLens~2 \AR headset and haptic roughness textures rendered by the vibrotactile haptic device placed on the middle index phalanx.
A webcam above the surfaces tracked the finger movements. A webcam above the surfaces tracked the finger movements.
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ The placement of the haptic textures was randomized before each trial.
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Participants were instructed to look closely at the details of the visual textures and explore the haptic textures with a constant pressure and various speeds to find the haptic texture that best matched the visual texture, \ie choose the surface with the most coherent visual-haptic texture pair. Participants were instructed to look closely at the details of the visual textures and explore the haptic textures with a constant pressure and various speeds to find the haptic texture that best matched the visual texture, \ie choose the surface with the most coherent visual-haptic texture pair.
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The texture names were never given or shown to prevent the use of visual or haptic memory of the textures, nor a definition of what roughness is was given, so as to let participants complete the task as naturally as possible, similarly to Bergmann Tiest \etal \cite{bergmanntiest2007haptic}. The texture names were never given or shown to prevent the use of visual or haptic memory of the textures, nor a definition of what roughness is was given, to let participants complete the task as naturally as possible, similarly to Bergmann Tiest \etal \cite{bergmanntiest2007haptic}.
Then, participants performed the \emph{ranking task}, employing the same setup as the matching task and the same 9 textures. Then, participants performed the \emph{ranking task}, employing the same setup as the matching task and the same 9 textures.
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\subsection{Collected Data} \subsection{Collected Data}
\label{collected_data} \label{collected_data}
For each trial, the \textit{Texture Choice} by the participant as the roughest of the pair was recorded. For each trial, the \response{Texture Choice} by the participant as the roughest of the pair was recorded.
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The \textit{Response Time} between the end of the trial and the choice of the participant was also measured as an indicator of the difficulty of the task. The \response{Response Time} between the end of the trial and the choice of the participant was also measured as an indicator of the difficulty of the task.
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At each frame the \textit{Finger Position} and \textit{Finger Speed} were recorded to control for possible differences in texture exploration behaviour. At each frame the \response{Finger Position} and \response{Finger Speed} were recorded to control for possible differences in texture exploration behaviour.
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After each \factor{Visual Rendering} block of trials, participants rated their experience with the vibrotactile textures (all blocks), the vibrotactile device (all blocks), the virtual hand rendering (all except \level{Mixed} block) and the virtual environment (\level{Virtual} block) using the questions shown in \tabref{questions}. After each \factor{Visual Rendering} block of trials, participants rated their experience with the vibrotactile textures (all blocks), the vibrotactile device (all blocks), the virtual hand rendering (all except \level{Mixed} block) and the virtual environment (\level{Virtual} block) using the questions shown in \tabref{questions}.
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%They also assessed their workload with the NASA Task Load Index (\textit{NASA-TLX}) questionnaire after each blocks of trials. %They also assessed their workload with the NASA Task Load Index (\response{NASA-TLX}) questionnaire after each blocks of trials.
% %
For all questions, participants were shown only labels (\eg \enquote{Not at all} or \enquote{Extremely}) and not the actual scale values (\eg 1 or 5), following the recommendations of \textcite{muller2014survey}. For all questions, participants were shown only labels (\eg \enquote{Not at all} or \enquote{Extremely}) and not the actual scale values (\eg 1 or 5), following the recommendations of \textcite{muller2014survey}.

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\chapter{List of Publications} \chapter{List of Publications}
\label{ch:publications} \mainlabel{publications}
\section*{Journals} \section*{Journals}

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\begin{document} \begin{document}
\frontmatter \frontmatter
%\importcover{0-front}{cover} \import{0-front}{cover}
%\importchapter{0-front}{acknowledgement} %\importchapter{0-front}{acknowledgement}
\importchapter{0-front}{toc} \importchapter{0-front}{toc}