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@@ -135,10 +135,12 @@ This shows that the participants consistently identified the roughness of each v
\label{results_questions} \label{results_questions}
\figref{results_questions} presents the questionnaire results of the \level{Matching} and \level{Ranking} tasks. \figref{results_questions} presents the questionnaire results of the \level{Matching} and \level{Ranking} tasks.
A non-parametric \ANOVA on an \ART model was used on the \response{Difficulty} and \response{Realism} question results, while the other question results were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. A non-parametric \ANOVA on \ART models were used for the \response{Difficulty} and \response{Realism} question results.
The other question results were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, with Holm-Bonferroni adjustment.
On \response{Difficulty}, there were statistically significant effects of \factor{Task} (\anova{1}{57}{13}, \pinf{0.001}) and of \response{Modality} (\anova{1}{57}{8}, \p{0.007}), but no interaction effect \factor{Task} \x \factor{Modality} (\anova{1}{57}{2}, \ns). On \response{Difficulty}, there were statistically significant effects of \factor{Task} (\anova{1}{57}{13}, \pinf{0.001}) and of \factor{Modality} (\anova{1}{57}{8}, \p{0.007}), but no interaction effect. % \factor{Task} \x \factor{Modality} (\anova{1}{57}{2}, \ns).
The \level{Ranking} task was found easier (\mean{2.9}, \sd{1.2}) than the \level{Matching} task (\mean{3.9}, \sd{1.5}), and the Haptic textures were found easier to discriminate (\mean{3.0}, \sd{1.3}) than the Visual ones (\mean{3.8}, \sd{1.5}). The \level{Ranking} task was found easier (\mean{2.9}, \sd{1.2}) than the \level{Matching} task (\mean{3.9}, \sd{1.5}), and the Haptic textures were found easier to discriminate (\mean{3.0}, \sd{1.3}) than the Visual ones (\mean{3.8}, \sd{1.5}).
Both haptic and visual textures were judged moderately realistic for both tasks (\mean{4.2}, \sd{1.3}), with no statistically significant effect of \factor{Task}, \factor{Modality} or their interaction on \response{Realism}. Both haptic and visual textures were judged moderately realistic for both tasks (\mean{4.2}, \sd{1.3}), with no statistically significant effect of \factor{Task}, \factor{Modality} or their interaction on \response{Realism}.
No statistically significant effects of \factor{Task} on \response{Textures Match} and \response{Uncomfort} were found either. No statistically significant effects of \factor{Task} on \response{Textures Match} and \response{Uncomfort} were found either.
The coherence of the texture pairs was considered moderate (\mean{4.6}, \sd{1.2}) and the haptic device was not felt uncomfortable (\mean{2.4}, \sd{1.4}). The coherence of the texture pairs was considered moderate (\mean{4.6}, \sd{1.2}) and the haptic device was not felt uncomfortable (\mean{2.4}, \sd{1.4}).

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\subsection{Trial Measures} \subsection{Trial Measures}
\label{results_trials} \label{results_trials}
All measures from trials were analyzed using \LMM or \GLMM with \factor{Visual Rendering}, \factor{Amplitude Difference} and their interaction as within-participant factors, and by-participant random intercepts. All measures from trials were analyzed using \LMM or \GLMM with \factor{Visual Rendering}, \factor{Amplitude Difference} and their interaction as within-participant factors, as well as by-participant random intercepts.
Depending on the data, different random effect structures were tested. Depending on the data, different random effect structures were tested.
Only the best converging models are reported, with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values. Only the best converging models are reported, with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values.
Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using the Tukey's \HSD test. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using the Tukey's \HSD test.

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@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Our approach was to design visual augmentations of the hand and delocalized hapt
We first considered \textbf{(1) the visual augmentation of the hand} and then the \textbf{(2)} combination of different \textbf{visuo-haptic feedback of the hand when manipulating virtual objects}. We first considered \textbf{(1) the visual augmentation of the hand} and then the \textbf{(2)} combination of different \textbf{visuo-haptic feedback of the hand when manipulating virtual objects}.
In \chapref{visual_hand}, we investigated the visual feedback of the virtual hand as an augmentation of the real hand. In \chapref{visual_hand}, we investigated the visual feedback of the virtual hand as an augmentation of the real hand.
Seen as an \textbf{overlay on the user's hand}, such visual hand renderings provide feedback on hand tracking and interaction with virtual objects. Seen as an \textbf{overlay on the user's hand}, it provides feedback on hand tracking and interaction with virtual objects.
We compared the six commonly used visual hand augmentations in the \AR literature in a user study with 24 participants, where we evaluated their effect on user performance and experience in two representative manipulation tasks. We compared the six commonly used visual hand augmentations in the \AR literature in a user study with 24 participants, where we evaluated their effect on user performance and experience in two representative manipulation tasks.
The results showed that a visual hand augmentation improved user performance, perceived effectiveness and confidence, with a \textbf{skeleton-like rendering being the most performant and effective}. The results showed that a visual hand augmentation improved user performance, perceived effectiveness and confidence, with a \textbf{skeleton-like rendering being the most performant and effective}.
This rendering provided a detailed view of the tracked phalanges while being thin enough not to hide the real hand. This rendering provided a detailed view of the tracked phalanges while being thin enough not to hide the real hand.