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@@ -135,10 +135,12 @@ This shows that the participants consistently identified the roughness of each v
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\label{results_questions}
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\label{results_questions}
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\figref{results_questions} presents the questionnaire results of the \level{Matching} and \level{Ranking} tasks.
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\figref{results_questions} presents the questionnaire results of the \level{Matching} and \level{Ranking} tasks.
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A non-parametric \ANOVA on an \ART model was used on the \response{Difficulty} and \response{Realism} question results, while the other question results were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.
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A non-parametric \ANOVA on \ART models were used for the \response{Difficulty} and \response{Realism} question results.
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The other question results were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, with Holm-Bonferroni adjustment.
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On \response{Difficulty}, there were statistically significant effects of \factor{Task} (\anova{1}{57}{13}, \pinf{0.001}) and of \response{Modality} (\anova{1}{57}{8}, \p{0.007}), but no interaction effect \factor{Task} \x \factor{Modality} (\anova{1}{57}{2}, \ns).
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On \response{Difficulty}, there were statistically significant effects of \factor{Task} (\anova{1}{57}{13}, \pinf{0.001}) and of \factor{Modality} (\anova{1}{57}{8}, \p{0.007}), but no interaction effect. % \factor{Task} \x \factor{Modality} (\anova{1}{57}{2}, \ns).
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The \level{Ranking} task was found easier (\mean{2.9}, \sd{1.2}) than the \level{Matching} task (\mean{3.9}, \sd{1.5}), and the Haptic textures were found easier to discriminate (\mean{3.0}, \sd{1.3}) than the Visual ones (\mean{3.8}, \sd{1.5}).
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The \level{Ranking} task was found easier (\mean{2.9}, \sd{1.2}) than the \level{Matching} task (\mean{3.9}, \sd{1.5}), and the Haptic textures were found easier to discriminate (\mean{3.0}, \sd{1.3}) than the Visual ones (\mean{3.8}, \sd{1.5}).
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Both haptic and visual textures were judged moderately realistic for both tasks (\mean{4.2}, \sd{1.3}), with no statistically significant effect of \factor{Task}, \factor{Modality} or their interaction on \response{Realism}.
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Both haptic and visual textures were judged moderately realistic for both tasks (\mean{4.2}, \sd{1.3}), with no statistically significant effect of \factor{Task}, \factor{Modality} or their interaction on \response{Realism}.
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No statistically significant effects of \factor{Task} on \response{Textures Match} and \response{Uncomfort} were found either.
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No statistically significant effects of \factor{Task} on \response{Textures Match} and \response{Uncomfort} were found either.
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The coherence of the texture pairs was considered moderate (\mean{4.6}, \sd{1.2}) and the haptic device was not felt uncomfortable (\mean{2.4}, \sd{1.4}).
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The coherence of the texture pairs was considered moderate (\mean{4.6}, \sd{1.2}) and the haptic device was not felt uncomfortable (\mean{2.4}, \sd{1.4}).
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
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\subsection{Trial Measures}
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\subsection{Trial Measures}
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\label{results_trials}
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\label{results_trials}
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All measures from trials were analyzed using \LMM or \GLMM with \factor{Visual Rendering}, \factor{Amplitude Difference} and their interaction as within-participant factors, and by-participant random intercepts.
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All measures from trials were analyzed using \LMM or \GLMM with \factor{Visual Rendering}, \factor{Amplitude Difference} and their interaction as within-participant factors, as well as by-participant random intercepts.
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Depending on the data, different random effect structures were tested.
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Depending on the data, different random effect structures were tested.
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Only the best converging models are reported, with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values.
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Only the best converging models are reported, with the lowest Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values.
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Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using the Tukey's \HSD test.
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Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using the Tukey's \HSD test.
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@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Our approach was to design visual augmentations of the hand and delocalized hapt
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We first considered \textbf{(1) the visual augmentation of the hand} and then the \textbf{(2)} combination of different \textbf{visuo-haptic feedback of the hand when manipulating virtual objects}.
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We first considered \textbf{(1) the visual augmentation of the hand} and then the \textbf{(2)} combination of different \textbf{visuo-haptic feedback of the hand when manipulating virtual objects}.
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In \chapref{visual_hand}, we investigated the visual feedback of the virtual hand as an augmentation of the real hand.
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In \chapref{visual_hand}, we investigated the visual feedback of the virtual hand as an augmentation of the real hand.
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Seen as an \textbf{overlay on the user's hand}, such visual hand renderings provide feedback on hand tracking and interaction with virtual objects.
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Seen as an \textbf{overlay on the user's hand}, it provides feedback on hand tracking and interaction with virtual objects.
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We compared the six commonly used visual hand augmentations in the \AR literature in a user study with 24 participants, where we evaluated their effect on user performance and experience in two representative manipulation tasks.
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We compared the six commonly used visual hand augmentations in the \AR literature in a user study with 24 participants, where we evaluated their effect on user performance and experience in two representative manipulation tasks.
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The results showed that a visual hand augmentation improved user performance, perceived effectiveness and confidence, with a \textbf{skeleton-like rendering being the most performant and effective}.
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The results showed that a visual hand augmentation improved user performance, perceived effectiveness and confidence, with a \textbf{skeleton-like rendering being the most performant and effective}.
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This rendering provided a detailed view of the tracked phalanges while being thin enough not to hide the real hand.
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This rendering provided a detailed view of the tracked phalanges while being thin enough not to hide the real hand.
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